Investigation the Effects of Different Doses Organic Fertilizers and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria on the Yield and Nutrient Contents in Chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L . )

Received: 3 May 2015 Revised: 20 June 2015Accepted: 05 July 2015 Abstract: The study was conducted to determine the effect of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (N2; Bacillus megaterium M-3, TV-6I; Cellulosimicrobium cellulans, TV-34A; Hafnia alve, TV-69E; Acetobacter pasteurianus and TV-83F; Bacillus cereus) and organic fertilizer (0 10 ton/ha and 20 ton/ha) on the seed yield and nutrient content of chickpea under field conditions in 2010 and 2011 growing seasons. Phosphate solubilizing bacterias used in this study were determined by the separate investigation conducted in chamber room by using ten phosphate solubilizing bacteria and organic fertilizer (control, %5 and %10). The trial were laid out with a factorial design in randomized complete block with three replications. In this study, plant height, primary branches, secondary branches and number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, grain yield and biological yield and nutrient content of stem and seed were determined. According to the results of the study bacteria applications increased significantly biological and seed yield. Bacteria applications without organic fertilizer increased nutrient contents of seed and steed except cupper content. In case of inoculation with organic fertilizer provided more increases in biological and seed yields. The highest seed yield were obtained from application of 20 ton/ha + N2 (Bacillus megaterium M-3) with 1020 kg/ha and 1793 kg/ha in 2010 and 2011 years, respectively. Bacteria without organic fertilizer application were more active in terms of phosphorus uptake in both years.


Introduction
Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) treatments were expanded together fertilization, irrigation reclamation etc. by aim of maximum yield and quality in agricultural lands.These bacteria changes due to their functions such as nitrogen bacteria, potassium bacteria, phosphorus bacteria etc.
Phosphate solubilizing bacteria have important role in uptaking phosphorus by plants and plant nutrition.The performance of these bacteria changes due to variety of plant, climate and soil conditions (Cakmakcı, 2005).
Nitrogen and carbon content of soil, and buffering capacity of soil also effects their activities (Cunningham and Kuiack, 1992;Whitelaw, 2000;Sangeeta and Nautiyal, 2001;Pradhan and Sukla, 2005;Xie, 2008).Cakmakcı (2005) reported that there are two relations among PSB and plants as rhizospheric an entophytic.Taha et al. (1969), the share of the total microflora of soil phosphate solvent microorganisms according to their reported that less than 1% so reported that widespread use as a bio fertilizer of phosphate solvent microorganisms to increase the share of the microflora in many countries.Phosphate solvent microorganisms as Pseudomonas and Bacillus bacteria species, fungi; Penicillium, Aspergillus species and actinomycetes; Proteus, Serratia and forms Micrococcus species.These organisms form insoluble plant available phosphorus in the form of various acids are secreted conversion process.These are: formic, acetic, propionic, lactic, glyoxalic, gluconic, fumaric, tartaric and succinic acids (Ilmer et al., 1992;Whitlew et al., 1999).
In rhizospheric relation, PSB can be colonize in rhizosphere and replace in root surface or intracellular areas.A food legume has low lipit concentration as check and, not contains cholesterol.These are useful for human health because of having some vitamins (A, B, C and E) and minerals (Ca, Fe).It was aimed that determination of effects of PSB and organic fertilizer applications on nutrient uptaking in chickpea.

2.1.Plant materials
Field trials were conducted in 2009-10 and 2010-11 at the Faculty of Agriculture, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University.As the plant material in the trial, it has adapted well to the conditions Aziziye-94 chickpea cultivars used.
For mineral content analysis, plant samples were oven-dried at 68 o C for 72 h and then were ground.Nitrogen was determined by Kjeldahl method (Kacar and İnal 2008), phosphorous was determined by spectrophotometrically by the indo-phenol-blue method (Kacar and İnal 2008).Potassium, calcium, iron, manganese, zinc, and copper contents in the extracts were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Kacar and İnal 2008).
The plant criterias, that plant height, number of primary branches, number of pods per plant, grain yield and biological yield, were determined as Tosun and Eser (1975).

Results and Discussions
The effects of PSB applications on grain yield and biological yield were found significant (P<0.01) in two years conducted research.Increasing organic fertilizer treatments significantly (P<0.05)effected plant length and biological yield in first year of research.In the second year of research statistically (P<0.01)biological yield was influenced by organic fertilizer treatments.The PSB x organic fertilizer interactions have effect on biological yield in the first year.PSB applications clearly increased grain yield with organic fertilizer applications (Table 2).It was noticed organic fertilizer applications, the highest grain yield was obtained as 913 kg ha -1 and 1063 kg ha -1 in first year and second year by 20 ton ha -1 organic fertilizer.These increases occurred as 22.2% and 14.4% according to means in the control, respectively.Similarly PSB treatments increased grain yield in both of years.The highest grain yields were determined as 958 kg ha -1 with TV-69E organisms in first and second year respectively.When these increases regarded according to control, grain yield increased 29.3% and 46.0% in first and second year respectively.PSB treatments also increased biological yield especially with organic fertilizers applications.
The highest grain yield was obtained as 2477 kg ha -1 with TV-6I organisms and 4023 kg ha -1 with N2 organisms in first and second year respectively.The increases according to control were determined as 31.8% and 31.9% in first and second year respectively.Increasing organic fertilizer doses increased biological yield.When macro nutrient contents of straw an grain were noticed that PSB applications had significant (P<0.01)effects on N and P, K and Ca contents (P<0.05) of straw in second year of research (Table 2).Organic fertilizers applications had also significant effects on N, K and Ca contents of straw.The highest nitrogen content means of straw were obtained as 0.763% and 0.725% in 20 ton ha -1 organic fertilizer application and TV-6I organisms, respectively (Table 3).
The potassium contents of straw increased by increasing organic fertilizer doses.The highest K contents were obtained as 1.342% and 3.230% in first and second years respectively by 20 ton ha -1 organic fertilizer applications.The highest Ca content of straw was obtained as 2.050% in second year of research.Increasing organic fertilizer doses iron contents of straw increased in second year.The highest iron content was found as 545 mg kg -1 , in 20 ton ha -1 organic fertilizer application.These increase occurred in 108% ratio compare with iron mean obtained in first year.Organic fertilizer application as 10 ton ha -1 increased zinc and manganese contents of straw according to control.PSB treatments had significant effect on iron contents of straw in second year.While the highest iron content was obtained as 458 mg kg -1 with N2 organisms and these increase were found in ratio as 30.5% according to control.The highest Mn content of straw and Zn content of gain were obtained as 45.60 mg kg -1 and 12.49 mg kg -1 with N2 organisms in first year.Copper contents of straw and grain were decreased by PSB treatments.These increases were found in 342.9% and 17.2% with TV-69E organisms.PSB treatment increased MN and Zn contents of grain, Copper contents of grain decreased by PSB treatments.The highest Mn and Zn contents of grain were found as 28.0 mg kg -1 and 12.49 mg kg -1 with TV-6I organisms and N2 organisms respectively (Table 5).

Table 1 .
Some physical and chemical properties of experimental soil and sheep manure

Table 2 .
The effects of bacteria and organic manure application on plant growth criteria and nutrient uptake by chickpea

Table 3 .
Mean values of the bacteria and organic manure applications on some of yield and yield parameters in chickpea

Table 4 .
Mean values of the bacteria and organic manure applications on the macro nutrients

Table 5 .
Mean values of the bacteria and organic manure applications on the micro nutrients , %5; **, %1; ***, %0.1; ns, non significant; A, B, C; the difference between the averages indicated by the same letter is not significant *